History The scale was created in 1805 by Sir Francis Beaufort, an Irish-born British admiral and hydrographer. The scale that carries Beaufort's name had a long and complex evolution, from the previous work of others, to when Beaufort was a top administrator in the Royal Navy in the 1830s. In the early 19th Century, naval officers made regular weather observations, but there was no standard scale and so they could be very subjective - one man's "stiff breeze" might be another's "soft breeze". Beaufort succeeded in getting things standardized. The initial scale of thirteen classes (zero to twelve) did not reference wind speed numbers but related qualitative wind conditions to effects on the sails of a man of war, then the main ship of the Royal Navy, from "just sufficient to give steerage" to "that which no canvas sails could withstand." At zero, all his sails would be up; at six, half of his sails would have been taken down; and at twelve, all sails would be stowed away.[original research?][1] The scale was made a standard for ship's log entries on Royal Navy vessels in the late 1830s and was adapted to non-naval use from the 1850s, with scale numbers corresponding to cup anemometer rotations. In 1906, to accommodate the growth of steam power, the descriptions were changed to how the sea, not the sails, behaved and extended to land observations. Rotations to scale numbers were standardized only in 1923. George Simpson, Director of the UK Meteorological Office, was responsible for this and for the addition of the land-based descriptors.[2]meteorologists. Today, many countries have abandoned the scale and use the SI-based units m/s or km/h instead,[citation neededsevere weather warnings given to public are still approximately the same as when using the Beaufort scale.] but the The measure was slightly altered some decades later to improve its utility for The Beaufort scale was extended in 1946, when Forces 13 to 17 were added.[3] However, Forces 13 to 17 were intended to apply only to special cases, such as tropical cyclones. Nowadays, the extended scale is only used in Taiwan and mainland China, which are often affected by typhoons. Wind speed on the 1946 Beaufort scale is based on the empirical formula:[4] v = 0.836 B3/2 m/s where v is the equivalent wind speed at 10 meters above the sea surface and B is Beaufort scale number. For example, B = 9.5 is related to 24.5 m/s which is equal to the lower limit of "10 Beaufort". Using this formula the highest winds in hurricanes would be 23 in the scale. Today, hurricane force winds are sometimes described as Beaufort scale 12 through 16, very roughly related to the respective category speeds of the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, by which actual hurricanes are measured, where Category 1 is equivalent to Beaufort 12. However, the extended Beaufort numbers above 13 do not match the Saffir-Simpson Scale. Category 1 tornadoes on the Fujita and TORRO scales also begin roughly at the end of level 12 of the Beaufort scale but are indeed independent scales. Note that wave heights in the scale are for conditions in the open ocean, not along the shore.

Beaufort number	Description	Wind speed				Wave height		Sea conditions	Land conditions
		km/h	mph	kts	m/s	m	ft
0	Calm	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 0.3	0	0	Flat.	Calm. Smoke rises vertically.
1	Light air	1 – 5	1 – 3	1 – 2	0.3 – 1.5	0 – 0.2	0 – 1	Ripples without crests.	Wind motion visible in smoke.
2	Light breeze	6 – 11	3 – 7	3 – 6	1.5 – 3.3	0.2 – 0.5	1 – 2	Small wavelets. Crests of glassy appearance, not breaking	Wind felt on exposed skin. Leaves rustle.
3	Gentle breeze	12 – 19	8 – 12	7 – 10	3.3 – 5.5	0.5 – 1	2 – 3.5	Large wavelets. Crests begin to break; scattered whitecaps	Leaves and smaller twigs in constant motion.
4	Moderate breeze	20 – 28	13 – 17	11 – 15	5.5 – 8.0	1 – 2	3.5 – 6	Small waves with breaking crests. Fairly frequent white horses.	Dust and loose paper raised. Small branches begin to move.
5	Fresh breeze	29 – 38	18 – 24	16 – 20	8.0 – 11	2 – 3	6 – 9	Moderate waves of some length. Many white horses. Small amounts of spray.	Branches of a moderate size move. Small trees begin to sway.
6	Strong breeze	39 – 49	25 – 30	21 – 26	11 – 14	3 – 4	9 – 13	Long waves begin to form. White foam crests are very frequent. Some airborne spray is present.	Large branches in motion. Whistling heard in overhead wires. Umbrella use becomes difficult. Empty plastic garbage cans tip over.
7	High wind, Moderate gale, Near gale	50 – 61	31 – 38	27 – 33	14 – 17	4 – 5.5	13 – 19	Sea heaps up. Some foam from breaking waves is blown into streaks along wind direction. Moderate amounts of airborne spray.	Whole trees in motion. Effort needed to walk against the wind. Swaying of skyscrapers may be felt, especially by people on upper floors.
8	Gale, Fresh gale	62 – 74	39 – 46	34 – 40	17 – 20	5.5 – 7.5	18 – 25	Moderately high waves with breaking crests forming spindrift. Well-marked streaks of foam are blown along wind direction. Considerable airborne spray.	Some twigs broken from trees. Cars veer on road. Progress on foot is seriously impeded.
9	Strong gale	75 – 88	47 – 54	41 – 47	21 – 24	7 – 10	23 – 32	High waves whose crests sometimes roll over. Dense foam is blown along wind direction. Large amounts of airborne spray may begin to reduce visibility.	Some branches break off trees, and some small trees blow over. Construction/temporary signs and barricades blow over. Damage to circus tents and canopies.
10	Storm[5], Whole gale	89 – 102	55 – 63	48 – 55	25 – 28	9 – 12.5	29 – 41	Very high waves with overhanging crests. Large patches of foam from wave crests give the sea a white appearance. Considerable tumbling of waves with heavy impact. Large amounts of airborne spray reduce visibility.	Trees are broken off or uprooted, saplings bent and deformed. Poorly attached asphalt shingles and shingles in poor condition peel off roofs.
11	Violent storm	103 – 117	64 – 72	56 – 63	29 – 32	11.5 – 16	37 – 52	Exceptionally high waves. Very large patches of foam, driven before the wind, cover much of the sea surface. Very large amounts of airborne spray severely reduce visibility.	Widespread vegetation damage. Many roofing surfaces are damaged; asphalt tiles that have curled up and/or fractured due to age may break away completely.
12	Hurricane[5]	≥ 118	≥ 73	≥ 64	≥ 33	≥ 14	≥ 46	Huge waves. Sea is completely white with foam and spray. Air is filled with driving spray, greatly reducing visibility.	Very widespread damage to vegetation. Some windows may break; mobile homes and poorly constructed sheds and barns are damaged. Debris may be hurled about.